Asalamuaikum, bertemu kembali didalam arena blogger, huhu kali ini Admin ingin berkongsi dengan andan semua tentang salah satu tajuk yang admin buat untuk tajuk assigment MBA admin, iaitu Leadership in Organization( comparison between western theory and Al-quran and Al-sunah. Assigmen ini didalam bahasa inggeris, so enjoy ye. Admin sengaja buat tajuk ini dengan membuat perbandingan teori barat dan Al-quran supaya Lecture admin tahu teori yang orang barat banggakan tu , sebenarnya ada termaktub didalam Al-quran dan juga hadis nabi s.a.w. Mereka ni sebenarnya copy yang alquran punya.
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LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATION
(comparison between western theory and al-quran and al-sunnah )
What is leadership? What is deference between leaders and managers? This
question is often volatile in our mind. Leaders and leadership is a matter of
daily life in society, organizational or work, nation and state. Progress and setbacks
of life, organization, effort, people and country, among others influenced by
its leaders. Therefore a number of theories about leaders and leadership
already springing up and growing. In my assignment I will
compare the theories in the west and Islam as a comparison of the leader should
have in an organization to lead the organization, and also how to face the
challenges of the future. Leadership is a leader who was leading a group of
people with their influence and carries out the responsibility set out in an
organization to achieve goal. According to George R.Terry (1960) refers to
'leadership needs to do something that is triggered by the leadership, and
desire for achievement turned into a sensual power (burning passion) to achieve
what you want by using leadership skills'. It includes the line leader
subordinate leaders or supervisors. Every organization needs leaders who can
truly lead their subordinates. Leadership occurs when someone is inducing,
persuading, and influencing others to work towards the achievement of
organizational goals. It also comprises of behavior interactions with
colleagues, subordinates workers, bosses, clients and other parties. Arguably,
where the existence of an effective manager in an efficient management system,
there also are an effective leader. According to Mary Parker Follet Management
is an art, art that should be on every leader to make such a wonderful
organization and the employee can follow the instructions from their leaders to
open conditions, the production of an organization's productivity will
increase. There are three important factors about the definition of leadership.
First, leadership must involve other people or any other party whether
subordinate employees who considers the different circumstances. Leadership
through the process of creating their willingness to accept an unbalanced
distribution of power between leaders and subordinates. Second, leaders have
the full power to give directions with respect to some of the activities of
subordinates, while subordinates cannot expect the activities of their leaders.
Third, in addition to having the power to give instructions about what to do,
leaders can also influence through the instructions executed by the
workers-employees.
Organization means a group or place occupied by a group of people or a
person who has an interest or in a group, or a group of people with similar
interests and come together in a group to achieve a certain goal or similar
interests to consolidate towards the achievement the joint objectives.
Organizations have human characteristics or the members of the organization,
common objectives and structures created by them to achieve this objective.
Established structure contains the first level managers (leaders 1) the owner
and managing director, second-level managers (leaders 2) HRM, division managers
and department heads, the third level (leadership 3) supervisor and labor
leader. Managers are leaders in their division with their own subordinates.
Below are some in the organization structure of the company or organization.
Diagram 1
According the theory X and Y McGregor
(1960), if a leader to control and manage subordinates in wrong and have a
response that exists in the mind of those included:
Theory X said, the man is lazy and
always try to prevent yourself from doing any work and must be forced ordered
to perform the task. These people do not have human creativity not ambitious
and like run away from reasonability also love directed.
Theory Y said, that is contradicts
express an innermost theory X. Humanity as whole like to work, because it give
physically and mantel pleasure. Human have inner drive initiative and internal
controls to ensure the success of a job. Commitment to objectives is the
impetus for success.
Based on both theory theory Y is well used by the leaders to lead an
organization. Because it makes subordinates or group of people more competitive
in achieving the organization's objectives.
Leadership in the Qur'an mentioned the concept of “Imamah” term, with
the term leader priest. The Qur'an relates the guidance and leadership by
giving clues to the truth. A leader cannot do wrong and never resorted to
violence in all levels of cruelty. The knowledge and acts of cruelty, injustice
in taking decisions and applications.
A leader should know the followers conditions, direct feel their
suffering. A leader should be above his people in every way, knowledge and
action, devotion and worship, courage and preferences, and the behavior of
nature, and others.
The Qur'an explains that a leader does not deserve the guidance of his
people. A leader must be knowledgeable and obtain guidance before his people.
Even the Qur'an asserts a leader should receive guidance directly from God,
cannot get clues from other people or Muslims.
Leaders in view of the Qur'an is Allah's choice, not the choice and
human consensus as understood and used by Muslims generally footing. Human
choices are wide open door to enter the offense and cruelty. In addition,
people do not close the possibility of a deal agreed in sin, disobedience and
violence. It has many proven throughout human history. But in this case we
examine the concept of leadership promised (Prophet Abraham) the accuracy of
the Almighty sharp before the time of Prophet Muhammad, we know that the
Prophet Abraham is getting a trial from the very sharp weight range, behind it
all turns out to Abraham with the completeness get through the ordeal. Which is
explained in the Qur'an the Al Baqara verse 124.
“And (remember) when Abraham tested. Lord, in
a few sentences (commands and prohibitions), he fulfilled. He said: "I
will make you Imam for mankind”.
(Al-Baqarah:
124)
Almighty God has given to man to know, about
the importance of leadership in Islam, as the Qur'an we find many verses
related to leadership problems.
"Remember
when your Lord said to the angels:" I will create a vicegerent on earth
". They said: "Why did you want to make (caliph) on earth one who
will make mischief therein and shed blood, while we always celebrate Thy praise
and sanctify Thee?" God said: "I know what ye know not."
(Al-Baqarah: 30)
This verse indicates that the Caliph
(leader) holds the mandate to develop the trust of Allah and the leadership of
heaven on earth. Remember the angel community has protested against the
Caliphate man on earth.
THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADER
To be a leader in an
organization a leader requires some features that are important for an
organization to make it more robust and improved productivity. Leadership
in Islam, the characteristics of someone's leaders must be given priority for
securing an organization that could be done better and also the subordinates
can receive more effective instruction.
Leaders in Islam
have a number of features, including:
a. Good faith
b. Male
c. Do not ask the
department
d. Hold on and
consistent with the law of God
e. Judge fairly
f. Am always there when
needed
g. advising people
h. Not accept gifts
i. Finding a good
leader
j. gentle
k. No dubious people
l. Open to the ideas
and criticism
Among the characteristics
of leadership that a leader should have our usual practice is:
a) Honesty and
integrity
b) Foresight, vision
and put goals
c) Have the skills,
knowledge and abilities
d) Providing
inspiration
e) Take risks and be
responsible
f) Use and train other
leaders
g) Lower power
h) Trust and loyalty to
the organization
i) Sharing success
j) Has its own ethical
standards
k) Have a team spirit
l) Have self-confidence
Diagram 2
GOOD COMMUNICATION SCALE
Communication is an important tool in all
levels of administration, whether formal or informal. Good communication will
make contact would be appreciated. A leader must have good communication skills
with subordinates. Without good communication skills and lower level leaders
are confused and misunderstanding will occur between the two sides,
particularly in decision-making is done. For example, if a manager of interior
design has been decided that an invention must be certified and do from the
top, so if there is good communication with subordinates, can result in the
production of designs to customers with imperfect conditions. Which will result
in reduced productivity quality customer points. Implemented effective
communication as a whole. This will
help to provide a more in-depth explanation on matters related to the
organization's policies, labor affairs and organizational planning.
Communication is also a process of
sharing information where information is sent by the sender to the receiver.
Communication means transferring information from a sender to a receiver for
the purpose of increasing knowledge of the receiver to enable him to perform
the duties or alter and influence the behavior and attitudes. Communication
will only be successful if the receiver understands the message in line with
what’s delivered by the sender.
Leader
in an organization should adopt diversification communication skills including
communication from the top down, bottom-up communication and horizontal
communication to enhance communication with subordinate’s leadership in their
organization. Leaders should also make use of formal communication techniques
and informal communication. Leaders should also diversify strategies and
communication styles of leadership in the organization, including adopting
strategies to understand the vision, mission and objectives of any organization
to subordinates.
In Islam the concept of good and effective communication is dependent on
communication ethics accordance with the teachings of Islam. Described in the
Quran:
And the blessings of God thou
(Muhammad) deal gently with them. Should you be hard -hearted, they would have
dispersed from around you,.... "
(Ali Imran: 159)
According to me, the Prophet is a great
communicator, every message he conveyed effectively bound the hearts of his
friends, even the hearts of the hostile enemy races. Modest (tawadhu) and say
good words ( Qaulan Salaamah ) . Humility is a very noble character, which
tawadhu will be reflected from the nature and behavior. In mixing the tawadhu
certainly likable, when said properly, to respect older, but the younger ones
love. People like this when destined to be a leader, it will appear as a
trustworthy leader. GOD said in the Qur'an Surah Furqan which means:
“And the servants of the Most
Merciful God are those who walk on the earth in humility and when the ignorant
address them, they say the words good.”
( Al Furqon : 63 )
STRATEGIC PLANNING MANAGEMENT
According
to western scholars of Fred R. David (1991) Strategic planning is "the art
and science of formulating, Implementing and Evaluating a cross-functional
Decisions that's achieve enable an organization to its Objectives". It
brings a clear understanding of an organization to achieve the objectives set
by a decision on strategy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Each
strategy has its own strength to achieve this aim. Every leader must plan every
possible management. A leader must plan before it can manage, lead or control
of his subordinates. Without proper planning the organization's functions cannot
be properly translated and organized. Plans are also different at each leader
1, leader 2 and leaders 3, it is based on their position in the hierarchy or
organizational chart of each organization. The higher the position was growing
and care planning should be there. Proper management plan allows each agenda
item to be delivered to subordinates will be more organized. Each organization
will benefit from strategic planning management. Valuable planning is carried
out systematically and guiding future action organization. Able to identify key
goals, new tasks and can repair organization, as a guide to the leaders in
decision-making and actions to be taken in a group of subordinates. It also can
increase the motivation of subordinates with proper planning.
What is the importance of strategic
planning?
a)
It allows organizations identify strengths and weaknesses in the organization
more clearly
b)
Allows organizations to design and take appropriate action in line with the
effort and want to exploit the strengths and improve the weaknesses
c)
Enable the organization to formulate what actions should be taken in line with
the efforts that want to exploit the opportunities and threats that exist curb)
allows organizations to plan activities in accordance with its importance more
clearly and systematically
e)
Determine the level of achievement of the organization concerned
f)
The program with ease and can be controlled by the organization
g)
Put the organization in a proactive against the impending changes and outside
the confines of the organization.
Muslims often recommend his followers to always do advance planning in
every case because Islam is a religion based system and a perfect arrangement.
This can be observed through compilation of Islamic system of worship such as
prayer, fasting, charity and pilgrimage undertaken based on policies and methods
of planning and arranging the perfect (Husnani Hamzah , 2008) . Although Islam
does not prescribe a specific theory strategic planning, but Islam has
previously run theory strategic plan created by Western scholars In Islam also
focused on the mission and vision set in pointing towards land subsidence has
been set. for example in prayer , when the congregation according to the faith
this is one system by a head . In the Quran there are quoting:
Allah
will not change what had of a people until the people change what is in
themselves.
( Al - Rad : 13 )
DECISION
MAKERS
Usually the leaders who
will make a decision. Every decision must be considered in terms of production
EFFECTIVENESS productivity of an organization. Every decision made should
satisfy both parties either from their own leaders and subordinates. Leader 1
plays an important role in making decisions for the organization, because the
rise and fall of an organization is directly dependent on one’s leaders. For
example, in the purchase of a tech machines, whether tech machines to be
purchased will be able to increase productivity in lower labor costs. Besides
this the first leader to decide how EFFECTIVENESS a technology that can
effectively to subordinates, and also not detrimental to the organization. Each
decision requires the support of subordinates, so that whatever will be done
for the future of the organization can be shared with subordinates as well as
the decision was accepted by the subordinates. Decisions made by someone
managers also determine the fate of the organization. Every leader cannot run
away from making a decision whether it is simple or more complex. Should be
determined from cutting across various aspects to decide who to make
organizational decisions. Leadership theory or approach bore a leadership
Styles an attempt to describe the interests of the members in the manufacturing
process decision until the results produced by the members of optimal.
Due to various factors INHERENT on members and on condition organizations
, such as the problems of maturity , humanity and efficiency considerations and
effectiveness of the implementation of the task , then the member's interest or
needs are translated in the form of participation in various types and levels
to manufacturing good decision in the sense of effective formulation or
implementation decisions. Through the theory of leadership, decision-making
process can be translated in the behavior of the leadership and the role of
members in the process behavior of the interaction and behavior of members of
the leaders in the management process.
people
still will apply by subordinates. Among these principles is the principle of
1.
Results
basically intended to solve the problem, because the let
every right alternative solution to the problems addressed.
2.
Every decision let the best alternative to the risk very minimal.
3.
Let the results are considered in scope and risk systematic and systemic.
4.
Results should not be beyond the zone of human acceptance.
5. Effective decision is a decision
that can be implemented.
6.
Decision-making consists of the formulation of the decision and implementation of
the decision.
7.
Let decisions produce a result that can measure
8. The results do not always have to
start from the data, but of judgment.
In Islam decided by leaders it call
“Musyawarah” Which is explained in the Qur'an
" And by the Mercy is God, thou gentle
attitude towards them. Had you been rough and hard exercise. They would stay
away from you. Therefore, pardon them and ask forgiveness for them and consult
them in specific business . Then when thou hast taken a decision,
put your trust in God . Surely Allah loves those who put their trust in Him
" . (Surah Ali ' Imran : 159 )
Musyawarah could mean recruiting, training,
thrusting themselves, and ask the opinion or advice of , or in general, in
other words it means taking the best opinion and to submit an opinion to the
opinion of others. The duty of leaders to take decisions based on discussion is
a very urgent matter. Because the results of a leader will greatly affect the
stability of the region leads.
COLLABORATE
To
get success in extraordinary future leaders in the organization must work with
his or morally and physically. Cooperation makes subordinates feel appreciated
by my superiors; the intricacies of the problem or even something that’s
activities can be achieved with the cooperation of the leaders. Policies to be
served by leaders more clearly interpreted by subordinates. For example, an
understanding of the vision and mission of the organization, the leader should
explain more thoroughly and work with their subordinates to the vision
and
mission of an organization can be achieved. In addition any leader can monitor
the actions of subordinates in the success of the vision and mission of the
organization.
Islam in the same work a good attitude is the
attitude of the believer mutual caring, mutual support, mutual launch, does not
say others do not fall -dropping, no - harm and loss are not mutually
defamatory. Works just as good presuppose also work in the case of an equally
good work correctly for the common good. Allah says:
And helping you on the goodness and
piety, and not helping the sin and transgression ... (Surah Al Maidah : 2 )
Similarly, the good teamwork is important
not merely work together, but there is segregation of duties in accordance with
their respective areas of expertise. Not give the task to non- members, so
expect get optimal results.
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Subordinates often face the same problem
- there physically or socially. Physically: the possibility of unskilled
subordinates using computer software or tools technology. Leaders who will
solve this problem subordinate. For example, a junior Interior unskilled
designers using 3D software, How to solve the problem is to send the
subordinate short-term courses. All this should be done by the leaders, where
the cost of learning how to be solved by the leaders. In social: living
facilities for rural area workers or foreign workers need a place to live.
Leaders need to search easy way to get home to these workers. This was living
facilities are basic facilities for a supplemental workers are migrant workers.
Leaders should put full faith and trust in subordinates. A bit much to motivate
their subordinates. For example, one leader or owner should be kind enough to
provide compensation and benefits commensurate to subordinates.
INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE
The quality of a leader is a creative
leader in terms of new ideas to the organization. The level and progress of an
organization pyramid shown in the chart below:
The more creativity a leader increasingly
Humanity organization. While the less creative skids a leader of that
organization. To make the organization competitive globally. Leaders must have
the properties of high creativity. Leaders who have high creativity will be
translated to subordinates and increase productivity. For example, a director
of a company would be their interior designer-design interior products to
market various global level can further expand the company.
THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF LEADER
In achieving the goals and direction of
whether any organization, leaders need to be proactive in the effectiveness of
leadership styles on subordinates. This is important because it is the major
difference between a manager and a leader. This is because the leader is a role
model for subordinates, but also the outside. Leadership styles is also a power
distribution factor by the leader or show of authority over subordinates to
accept leaders who highlighted by leaders. Leadership style also divides the
style based on how leaders use its authority. One of the well-known techniques
that describe the leadership styles dramatically is the administrative parcel
created by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. This box is used around the world as a
technical and management training to identify various combinations of
leadership styles. This technique is based on earlier research research that
shows the importance of a manager emphasizes both aspects, the importance of
production and workers concerned. I will explain this theory under this section
for further explanation
These styles are divided into:
THE
ORIENTED LEADERSHIP INSTRUCTION
This style describes how a leader should
communicate or explain to the employee pursuant to directions issued. All
duties as directed by the leader should be accompanied by expectations
associated with the task. Provided timing and clues on how to do it should be
done and should be completed in the detailing of the leader. Early insight and
understanding must be communicated to subordinates with more rigorous and
detailed. Leaders will also hope that any of their subordinates will comply
with the instructions issued. As an example of a leader 1 (diagram 7 ) the
managing director of an organization interior designer will instruct managers
to complete the design of a project tenders , managing director will explain
how it should be done and the calculation of overall budget for the project.
Managing director also will share clue how to rather something design the
project according to the organization's needs.
LEADERSHIP
STYLE BY ROBERT BLAKE AND JANE MOUTON
Leaders who have a friendly conversation
and caring style refer to the style as well as support-oriented leadership
behaviors taking into consideration the employee. To perform tasks with
eagerness, a leader must treat their subordinates without mobility based social
status and respect their position. This behavior will result in a pleasing
situation for subordinates to carry out the task. For example, if organizations
are to hire disabled people to carry out tasks in an organization should treat
him the same as any other employee. Leaders also should always take care of the
problem and ask the case worker or subordinate. Leaders who have full power to
perform challenges to their subordinates to perform work at the highest level
of their ability. Leaders will always look for improvements and continued performance
of their subordinates. Setting a challenge for subordinates or employees to
improve performance. This success resulted in the lower profits or workers to
get recognition from the leaders. This will increase employee motivation and
increase the quality of work and increase organizational productivity
tersebut.Ini shown in diagram 8. By Robert Blake and Jane Mouton (1964) have
interpreted and identify leadership styles described in a two-dimensional grid.
It is a framework to identify leadership styles and the movement leaders. The
grid is shown in diagram below
STYLE
OF LEADERSHIP (1,1) POOR MANAGEMENT
Lowest position on the grid once. Blake
and Mounton states that this style of a leader only primary emphasis and
attention on the task and their subordinates. This style includes a leader not
competitive. Not emphasize the objectives and goals of the organization. Most
leaders are made up of leaders who will retire from the service. Chances are
they frust with their career, there may be no lack of promotion and attention
in their duties as leaders. Most people will not lower their obedient.
Presenter effectiveness of the organization's goals or cannot be translated by
subordinates. (Also called laissez-faire management) managers about the things
that concerned employee, or production and minimal roles as leaders and
managers.
STYLE
OF LEADERSHIP (9.1) AUTOCRATIC STLE
A strong leader in the implementation
of the tasks and work management. Fully use its formal powers in directing
subordinates in carrying out their duties. Leaders who adopt this style of
decision making related to the task, issue instructions and make sure the direction is
followed by their subordinates. Examples of this leadership style can be seen
in the manufacturing industry. The manager will issue a directive to achieve
the production target to target. This leader will ensure that the target will
be achieved by any means including overtime work will be done by their subordinates.
STYLE also insist that only the establishment of an efficient operation
regardless of employee welfare. By using the four extreme points of this, the
management of each technique or style can be placed in this box
STYLE
OF LEADERSHIP (1.9) MANAGEMENT STYLE HOME CLUBS
This refers to the
manager's style will focus on subordinates while the job just given little
emphasis. Show more interest to subordinates. More focused leader to be popular
among the leaders in the organization. Leaders have a friendly nature of
subordinates. Management, we can see in the hospitality field. Most leaders
concerned with popularity as more popular someone's hospitality managers
greater opportunities for promotion by the top leaders.
STYLE which also shows managers or
not the least concerned about the production, but are very concerned about
their employees. What is created is an environment where all employees feel
happy and happy without any commitment to the production of united effort to
achieve organizational goals.
STYLE
OF LEADERSHIP (5.5) MEDIUM RANGE MANAGEMENT STYLE
Leadership refers to a balance of work
and subordinates. Every job is important as well as subordinates. Leaders also
a leader of the conservative, status quo. Comfortable with the status quo . For
example, there are leaders in the field of industry oversight . This is because
every job is important to produce productivity generated by the set target .
Supervisors want is achievable targets that have been set . Restoration only
done by their senior leaders only. Just directing a subordinate supervisors
alone, according to the same rules.
Moderately concerned about both, the
production and staff satisfaction. These managers achieve moral and adequate
and satisfactory production but at a level that is not so high , where the
establishment of goals and expectations are not very high . Although the
management of the parcel is a worthwhile thing to identify and classify the
administrative style , but its use is limited hereto, . This is due to the
parcel cannot give the reason why a manager is located in a particular part of
the parcel . Further investigation of factors such as personal pattern leader.
OR followers, ability and training managers and other factors in the situation otherwise,
that influence the behavior of tuna both the leaders and followers.
STYLE
OF LEADERSHIP (9.9) DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT STYLE
This style of leadership is the best
leadership style. These leaders encourage participation of all subordinates in
the organization. Whether in terms of decision making and direction of the
organization. Opportunities will be given to subordinates to make decisions
together. Subordinates will be more attracted to this kind of leader. This is
because of their subordinates will feel appreciated. All instructions will be
followed by a sense of freewill. This leader is usually the leader of one
director or owner of the company. These leaders want to progress in the
organization felt right together by subordinates.
Also known as the show management team
through management activities, there is the highest dedication to enhancing
both, the employee and production. Blake and Mouton asserts that this style is
the most effective leadership behaviors that improve performance, reduce
absenteeism and staff turnover, as well as fostering greater satisfaction.
SOURCES OF INFLUENCE
OF LEADERS
Various sources of
leadership influence can affect a leader in an organization. This resource is
influenced by the internal state of an organization around. John French and
Bertram Raven (1960) define this influence shows power controls his ability to
another person by nature a leader has the properties and characteristics of
this influence. This signifies they have influence and power. In principle
subordinates also know about the influence and the nature and characteristics
of a leader.
LEGAL
AUTHORITY
Legitimate power refers to the formal appointment
of a leader, whether he was a manager elected by the organization or group.
Subordinates are solely for leaders that's has determined have a legitimate
right to Influence and he has no Obligation to accept the Influence of Reasons
that's not have been appointed by the status of the organization. For example,
Human Resources Manager has the legal authority to manage the affairs of the
employees in terms of facilities and subordinate work setting. Naturally will
love every direction complied by the managers and the other employees.
POWER OF BENEFIT
Reward power refers to how leaders can
give rewards and benefits to subordinates. Power is related to the loyalty of
subordinates do the job to get in set or not set . For example, bonus rewards,
the more the work done by a subordinate employee to be hoped that more and more
by the subordinate to reap the rewards. For example, an annual bonus. Party
leaders will determine annual bonus 1 to employees if they work hard and assign
organization. This force causes them to adhere to earn rewards set by the
organization. While the rewards are not set as an example if a sale is produced
by a sale and hit the target will be set rewards will not reward holidays for
example. This is mostly just reward employees achieve sales target will only be
able to. This allows compliant subordinates do the job.
POWER
FORCE
Coercive power refers to the ability of a
leader to impose coercion. Non-compliance to the directions of the leader will
result in action or sanctions will be imposed for failure to comply with this
directive. Subordinates expect that if the non-compliance to this instruction
will be done by the leaders of punishment against them. This condition has been
causing subordinates trying to find a way to avoid getting punished. With the
way they adhere to these instructions will not be subject to any directions. As
an example of those in government departments will obey their leaders as
non-compliant commands will cause them to be transferred to remote areas or
converted to other departments.
POWER OF EXPERTISE.
Power expertise refers
to expertise and capabilities possessed by a leader to have, this causes
subordinates believe that they have a very experienced leader, knowledge and
conceptual skills. Skills and expertise gained from long-term training that
they attend. For example, a manager who has a degree in management will be
respected and subordinates will abide by these leaders for training and study.
This was due to the lower educated just below the leaders. Similarly, for
example, a person who has worked with a well-known international companies,
causing their expertise recognized by their subordinates. For example a person
who has worked as a manager at Microsoft Corp., subordinates will abide by the
instructions of their leaders because of the experience and have worked in an
international organization.
INFLUENCE OR
TECHNICAL PROCEDURES SUBORDINATE
Various procedures or
techniques that should be by a leader affect substantially the subordinates.
This technique is important in motivating their subordinates. This allows their
subordinates obey every command issued. Sometimes these instructions may be
challenged by the subordinate. Thus each an extraordinary leader should have a
specific procedure or technique to affect substantially the subordinates. Some
of the techniques are:
CONSULTANCY TECHNIQUE
Negotiation technique refers to how
leaders encourage subordinates to give fruit ideas, methods and ways of doing
things to achieve certain objectives set by the organization. This technique is
very important to uncover the hidden ideas that are at the bottom. Subordinates
may have ideas that could benefit the organization because they are more and
more using the procedures and work procedures set by the organization. For
example, a machine operator even know how the function of a machine, so these
operators have brilliant ideas on how to repair a machine is either purchase a
new high-tech or otherwise. This is very profitable organization in the future.
PERSUASION TECHNIQUE
This
technique refers to the leader's competence to persuade their subordinates to
perform a task. Already a human instinct to avoid doing a task. To achieve the
goals of the organization leader should impose a logical argument and clear
evidence to persuade subordinates to achieve the goals of the organization.
This technique requires a leader that has the properties of trustworthy and
speaking skills. For example, when an organization is submitting a proposal and
work repairer existing task so that better quality, leaders need to persuade
their subordinates so that organizational goals can be delivered more
effectively.
MAKE GOOD TECHNIQUE
This technique refers to the behavior of a
leader to do well with his subordinates, so they are more in price. Technique
can manipulate his subordinates to be more motivated. For example, the leader
tells subordinates entitled third of these having a good comb and disciplined.
When a person has believed in their leader, then this technique is considered
effective.
PRESSURE TECHNIQUE
If the instructions
are not complied with by the leaders subordinates then use threats and
intimidation, and behavioral warning call to do. This method is the last method
once used. This condition has been happening when subordinates do not follow
instructions from the leader. In timely when a clerk is not doing its job, then
the threats to be done to ensure that these subordinates come in time. Likewise
with the workers come late at work and often repeat the offense,
then this pressure technique should be done, such as layoffs
CHANGES
TECHNIQUE
Exchange technique refers to the
situation where the leader made an offer rewards to their subordinates.
Directly or indirectly to a person to do the work requested by the leader. And
subordinates will observe and opine that the leader has the power to reward
that will be profitable for him. For example when people ask which leader do
overtime, then subordinates will follow the direction as offered reward money
for overtime. Finance is the basic requirement needed by subordinates.
LEADERS FOR IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND DEVELOP TO MEET THE CHALLENGES
OF THE FUTURE
The turning point to
advance the effectiveness of an organization depends on the management of a
leader. Competitive leaders will ALWAYS follow the procedures proactive
behavior. According to Fred E. Fielder (1965) has identified factors in the
work environment that influence the effectiveness of a leader include:
- The relationship
between leaders and subordinates. A leader does not need to use legal powers if the subordinates respect him
as practice manager , skills , personality or the defined attributes . If
instead managers should use formal authority to give instructions to perform a
task.
- The structure of the
task is an important factor , if the tasks are structured steps or specific
procedures to perform a task , it is easy for workers to understand what should
be done. Managers also know what to do and is easy to measure employee
performance. If there is any dispute, the parties may refer the manual work. If
someone is more structured managers have more power. If whether any job is not
structured in the role played by members of the group are overlapping and
misunderstanding of a directive may occur. Thus the power of the managers are
very hard to control the structured task.
- Position or power
manager in the organization hierarchy is the third factor . Managing director
of an organization has the power and influence against the chairman of a committee
that has limited power over its members. As known to a high position in the
hierarchy of organizational power and influence more pleasing task group
members.
Many questions we often
ask about a leader as:
Does increased
organizational performance?
Does the organization's
goals been achieved?
Are the chances the
organization will thrive?
Does the organization
will be bigger?
Are organizations more
competitive with the upcoming challenges?
Are people satisfied
subordinates?
Are organizations more committed
on goal?
How long does the
leader can stand in their position?
Leaders competitive and
practice ethics and proper management procedures will provide motivation and
add followers in an organization. Thus the task of managing the work will be
easy. The power of a leader allows it to control the subordinates with the
organization to develop its own mold. Structured tasks and position of strong
and weak power depends on the know-how to control his subordinate leaders to
norms and objectives can be achieved together with subordinates. Leaders need
ideas, will power, planning and followed the initiative and support of
subordinates for realizing the objectives of the organization. Leaders under
pressure will not waste time and money in the development of the survey
organization. There are 5 levels of down line need to be dealt with by the
leaders to become good leader.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
NEEDS
These are the basic requirements needed by
subordinates such as eating, sleeping, and living quarters. If any one of these
requirements cannot be met, it will influence the direction of the current
focus subordinates carry out a job or task. A proactive leader will try to
provide these requirements to the subordinates. For example, women workers who
work night shifts or who are outside the area, the leader will need to discuss
with the top management or leadership 1 so that this issue can be resolved.
This is because if the leader can provide for the needs of subordinates, they
felt themselves to be more appreciated.
SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
Included in this requirement is personal
security, financial security, health and not be a victim of abuse. Each
subordinate would feel safer if they kept themselves either financially, health
or so on. For example, consideration will be given to subordinates in their
work. Similarly, workplace safety subordinates must be provided medical
insurance. Leaders need to provide these requirements to the production of an
organization's productivity will increase. This is because the subordinates
would feel safer with these requirements is provided.
SOCIAL NEEDS
This is a human need to be loved and to love
and feel the sense of 'belonging'. All subordinates must feel that they are
needed and have the distinctive role within the organization. If met, feelings
of tension and stress (stress) among employees can be reduced. Give a chance to
subordinates to pinpoint their ideas in any discussion. Sensitive leader will
always member chance discussion with subordinates do they feel they need for
each other.
RESPECT YOURSELF OPPORTUNITIES (ESTEEM)
This requirement is related to the need
for workers to be respected and given the opportunity to honor others. Give
them a job that could give them a chance to contribute. This will increase the
`` Respect yourself'' (self-esteem). For example, give a chance to subordinates
to become chairman of a discussion. This allows them respected by others and
appreciated by the leaders. Industry in the junior-junior interior design
interior designer will be given the opportunity to do a presentation of the
project to the client. This is to enhance their self-skills while giving them a
sense of themselves respected by customers and management.
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
This requirement
relates to the need to achieve the ideals of self by someone potential
employees. The need to evolve themselves to provide lasting motivation.
Including the need is the opportunity to use creative ability solve problems
and suffered a moral activity. This also is the need psychological. The methods
used in carrying out scientific research in the selection, training and
development per employee. In this way can increase the productivity of
subordinates. Performance of the employee is
CONCLUSION
From the intensity and
evaluation, I found a strategic planning leaders organize to address this
problem subordinates. Managers respected by his subordinates, and to contribute
to the development of an organization is a leader. While a manager who only
manage ordinary things cannot be called leaders. This is because a leader is
someone who is capable of dealing with the various problems that come up and be
able to control the situation and the state of his or organizations. The higher
the relationship between leaders and subordinates fewer tasks to do. This means
that leaders who can establish a good relationship between a subordinate will
get help from the people underneath. Willingness of subordinates carry out
duties as directed by leaders relies on this communication. Sometimes the tasks
that do not need direction from leaders, subordinates as able and happy to do
the job.
. While the lack of communication between
leaders and subordinates make more strenuous and difficult task to do. This is
because of a bad relationship will give rise to dissatisfaction and not obey
the command of the leader. Be a difficult task to do. Coercion theories should
be done by the leaders. Know about 'strategic planning' is very important for
someone who was called leaders. This is because it would be an indication to
the leader and his subordinates to make decisions and implement decisions. Vision
and mission of the organization easy to achieve. Leading organizations in
Malaysia such as Haj Fund, plus, UEM, Sunway, Naza Motor, Produa and many more
have leaders who can adapt `strategic planning 'good. Can control their
subordinates so perfect anymore. There is no confusion in directing
subordinates to achieve the vision and mission of their organization. Leaders -
leaders have leadership norms and respected by their subordinates. What a great
thing all the leaders of the organization have. The leader should create their
own visions and join forces with subordinates to achieve the vision. A leader
should have the quality and productivity.
Quality in terms of education and work
procedures. If leaders have these qualities subordinates would love to follow
and make examples discretion to motivate them. Productivity restoration should
be a leader. This is because the productive leader to be received by
subordinates and organizations. So obviously be a leader who can be accepted by
subordinates is a charismatic leader and could contribute to the organization
and subordinates. POLC understanding of the concept of a leader is very
important. Features planning, Organization, Leadership and Control are the
characteristics of an effective leader. Know to plan, organize an organization,
leading and controlling subordinates, will make the organization successful in
the future. In essence, the leaders lead and lag. Leadership is a vital force
behind the success of the organization and the organization cannot succeed
without an effective leader. The successful leader is a leader who is very
competitive and always concerned about his subordinates and organizational
goals can be achieved.
Sumber : my MBA assignment (leadership in organization) al-quran and al sunah ,Jerald & Robert A. Baron (19931 Behavior
ln Orgcmkution, 4th. Edition. Allyn 8, Bacon: Boston,Komunikasi antara budaya, L.E Sarbaugh – dewan
bahasa dan pustaka